8641 Views
In 1876, Willard Gibbs stated a general principle called phase rule. The phase rule mathematically can be expressed as
F = C - P + 2
Where F = Degree of freedom
C = Number of components
P = Number of Phases
It governs the behavior of heterogeneous system.
Phases: A homogeneous, physically distinct and mechanically separable part of a heterogeneous system is called phase. e.g. Gases are miscible in each other in all proportions. So the mixture of two or more gases constitutes one phase system. A mixture of immiscible liquids consists of as many phases as the number of liquids. Water and carbon tetrachloride form two phase system. Water, benzene and mercury form three phase system. A heterogeneous mixture of solid substances also consists of as many phases as the number of solids. Consider the decomposition of \(CaC{ O }_{ 3 }\) $$ CaC{ O }_{ 3 }\left( s \right) \ \longrightarrow \ CaO\left( s \right) \ +\ C{ O }_{ 2 }\left( g \right) $$
At equilibrium, there are three phases, two are solid phases, \(CaC{ O }_{ 3 }\) and \(CaO\) and one is gaseous phase, \(C{ O }_{ 2 }\)
The system in which solid, liquid and vapour are in equilibrium, form three phases system. e.g. Ice WaterVapour
Components: The number of components is defined as the minimum number of independently variable constituents with the help of which the composition of each phase can be expressed in the form of an equation. e.g.
The water system consists of three phases, i. e. ice, water and vapour in equilibrium. Ice WaterVapour. Though the three phases represent different physical states, the chemical composition of every phase is same. Each phase can be represented by formula \({ H }_{ 2 }O\) . Thus it is one component system.
The decomposition of \(CaC{ O }_{ 3 }\) $$ CaC{ O }_{ 3 }\left( s \right) \ \longrightarrow \ CaO\left( s \right) \ +\ C{ O }_{ 2 }\left( g \right) $$ In this system also the number of phases is three. However, as a result of existence of equilibrium, the number of components is only two. Each phase can be represented by selecting any two constituents out of three.
In a salt-water system like NaCl in H2O, the various phases which may occur are salt, aqueous solution of salt and water and vapour. The composition of each of these phases may be expressed in terms of two constituents, salt and water. So it is two component system.
A mixture of two solids is two component system, e. g. Zn and Cd or Zn and Ag.
Degrees of Freedom:
The minimum number of variable factors such as pressure temperature and concentration which must be fixed in order that condition of the system may be completely defined is called number of degrees of freedom.
It is also called number of degrees of variance.
The system with one degree of freedom is called univariant or mono-variant system, with two degree of freedom is called bi-variant and with no degree of freedom is called non-variant. e.g.
Behavior of a gas is governed by an equation \(PV= RT\). It means if P and T are fixed, V can have one definite value. Thus, any two variables are required to define the condition of system completely. So the system is bivariant.
For the system like Ice WaterVapour has no degree of freedom or it is said to be nonvariant system. The three given phases can be in equilibrium only at definite temperature and pressure.
5550 Views
5809 Views
5847 Views
6628 Views
Shared publicly - 2019-08-23 00:00:00
Don’t want your columns to simply stack in some grid tiers? Use a combination of different classes for each tier as needed. See the example below for a better idea of how it all works.
Shared publicly - 2019-08-24 00:00:00
For grids that are the same from the smallest of devices to the largest, use the .col and .col-* classes. Specify a numbered class when you need a particularly sized column; otherwise, feel free to stick to
Shared publicly - 2023-02-28 11:09:52
this is
Shared publicly - 2023-02-28 10:48:10
gsgsg
Apply to join the passionate instructors who share their expertise and knowledge with the world. You'll collaborate with some of the industry's best producers, directors, and editors so that your content is presented in the best possible light..